Общий фактор личности
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54359/ps.v11i62.247Ключевые слова:
общий фактор личности, адаптация, социальная эффективность, эксплораторный факторный анализ, конфирматорный факторный анализАннотация
Общий фактор личности (GFP) был получен при вторичной факторизации Большой пятерки Я.Мьюсеком и рассматривается автором как основной компонент Пирамидальной модели личности (новой ревизии структурной модели личностных черт). Согласно этой модели, общий фактор личности является результатом общей вариативности, присущей чертам личности факторного уровня, таким, как Большая пятерка, или диспозиционные черты любой другой структурной модели. В иерархической структуре личностных черт общий фактор личности является вершиной и представляет собой аналог фактора g (показателя общего интеллекта), но для некогнитивных характеристик. Общий фактор личности является биполярным: так, при выделении его на основании Большой пятерки его положительный полюс будет определяться высокими значениями показателей Экстраверсии, Эмоциональной стабильности, Дружелюбия, Сознательности и Открытости опыту, а негативный полюс – соответственно их низкими значениями. Содержание общего фактора личности интерпретируется либо в контексте эволюционной целесообразности, либо с точки зрения благополучия Я-концепции. Эволюционная теория истории жизни рассматривает объединение позитивных проявлений личностной сферы как необходимое условие успешной адаптации к условиям жизни и повышение вероятности выживания, достижения зрелости и выращивания потомства. Теории личности связывают общий фактор личности с социальной направленностью, обеспечивающей позитивную Я-концепцию, позитивный образ мира, социальную эффективность и удовлетворенность жизнью. Десять лет, прошедших с момента публикации первой статьи, посвященной общему фактору личности, велись интенсивные исследования и не менее интенсивные дискуссии. В представленном здесь обзоре показано, что получено немало свидетельств в пользу существования общего фактора личности, хотя есть и противоположные результаты: непротиворечивая однофакторная структура не всегда воспроизводится, особенно при использовании конфирматорного факторного анализа и при организации исследования по схеме «много факторов – много методов». Причины обнаружения общего фактора личности также не кажутся очевидными: общая вариативность черт факторного уровня некоторыми критически настроенными исследователями считается артефактом, а другими – эпифеноменом социальной желательности или гало-эффектами, связанными с такими характеристиками, как самооценка.
Скачивания
Литература
Ashton M.C., Lee K. Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2007, 11(2), 150–166. doi: 10.1177/1088868306294907
Ashton M.C., Lee K. Goldberg L.R., de Vries R.E. Higher-order factors of personality: Do they exist? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2009, 13(2), 79–91. doi: 10.1177/1088868309338467
Cattell R.B. Personality: A systematic, theoretical, and factual study. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1950.
Davies S.E., Connelly B.S., Ones D.S., Birkland A.S. The General Factor of Personality: The “Big One,” a self-evaluative trait, or a methodological gnat that won’t go away? Personality and Individual Differences, 2015, Vol. 81, 13–22. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.006
de Vries R.E. No support for a general factor of personality in a reanalysis of van der Linden et al. (2010). Personality and Individual Differences, 2011, 50(4), 512–516. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.020
de Vries R.E. No evidence for a general factor of personality in the HEXACO personality inventory. Journal of Research in Personality, 2011, 45(2), 229–232. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.12.002
Deary I.J. A (latent) Big Five personality model in 1915? A reanalysis of Webb's data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996, 71(5), 992–1005. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.992
DeYoung C.G., Peterson J.B., Higgins D.M. Higher-order factors of the Big Five predict conformity: Are there neuroses of health? Personality and Individual Differences, 2002, 33(4), 533–552. doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00171-4
Digman J.M. Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997, 73(6), 1246–1256.
Dunkel C.S. The general factor of personality and general intelligence: Evidence for substantial association. Intelligence, 2013, 41(5), 423–427. doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.06.010
Dunkel C.S., Kim J.K., Papini D.R. The general factor of psychosocial development and its relation to the general factor of personality and life history strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 2012, 52(2), 202–206. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.016
Dunkel C.S., Stolarski M., van der Linden D., Fernandes H.B.F. A reanalysis of national intelligence and personality: The role of the general factor of personality. Intelligence, 2014a, Vol. 47, 188–193. doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.012
Dunkel C.S., van der Linden D. Evidence for the general factor of personality as social-effectiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 2014, Vol. 64,147–151. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.030
Dunkel C.S., van der Linden D., Beaver K.M., Woodley M.A. Using a prison sample to assess the association between the general factor of personality and general intelligence. Intelligence, 2014b, Vol. 47, 72–82. doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.003
Dunkel C.S., de Baca T.C. Replication of the association between general intelligence and the general factor of personality using the California Child Q-set. Intelligence, 2016, Vol. 56, 35–37. doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.02.007
Erdle S., Rusthon J.P. Does self-esteem or social desirability account for a general factor of personality (GFP) in the Big Five? Personality and Individual Differences, 2011, 50(7), 1152–1154. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.038
Figueredo A.J., Rushton J.P. Evidence for shared genetic dominance between the general factor of personality, mental and physical health, and life history traits. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 2009, 12(6), 555–563. doi: 10.1375/twin.12.6.555.
Figueredo A.J., Vásquez G., Brumbach B.H., Schneider S.M.R. The heritability of life history strategy: The K-factor, covitality, and personality. Social Biology, 2004, 51(3–4), 121–143
Figueredo A.J., Vásquez G., Brumbach B.H., Schneider S.M.R., Sefcek J.A., Tal I.R., Hill D., Wenner C.J., Jacobs W.J. Consilience and life history theory: From genes to brain to reproductive strategy. Developmental Review, 2006, 26(2), 243–275. doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.002
Hofstee W.K.B. Structures of personality traits. In I.B.Weiner (Series Ed.) and T.Millon, M.J.Lerner (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003. Vol. 5. Personality and social psychology, pp. 231–254.
Hopwood C.J., Wright A.G.C., Donnellan M.B. Evaluating the evidence for the general factor of personality across multiple inventories. Journal of Research in Personality, 2011, 45(5), 468–478. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.06.002
Irwing P. The general factor of personality: Substance or artefact? Personality and Individual Differences, 2013, 55(3), 234–242. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.002
Irwing P., Booth T., Nyborg H., Rushton J.P. Are g and the General Factor of Personality (GFP) correlated? Intelligence, 2012, 40(3), 296–305. doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2012.03.001
Just C. A review of literature on the General Factor of Personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 2011, 50(6), 765–771. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.008
Kawamoto T., van der Linden D., Dunkel C.S. The General Factor of Personality (GFP) and moral foundations. Personality and Individual Differences, 2017, Vol. 119, 78-82. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.043
Kowalski C.M., Vernon P.A., Schermer J.A. The General Factor of Personality: The relationship between the Big One and the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 2016, Vol. 88, 256–260. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.028
Lachman M.E., Röcke C., Rosnick C., Ryff C.D. Realism and illusion in Americans’ temporal views of their life satisfaction age differences in reconstructing the past and anticipating the future. Psychological Science, 2008, 19(9), 889–897. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02173.x.
Loehlin J.C. How general across inventories is a general factor of personality? Journal of Research in Personality, 2012a, 46(3), 258–263. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.02.003
Loehlin J.C. The general factor of personality: What lies beyond? Personality and Individual Differences, 2012b, 53(4), 463–467. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.013
Loehlin J.C. The general factor of personality: What lies beyond? – II. Personality and Individual Differences, 2013, 54(1), 52–56. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.006
Loehlin J.C., Bartels M., Boomsma D.I., Bratko D., Martin N.G., Nichols R.C., Wright M.J. Is there a genetic correlation between general factors of intelligence and personality? Twin Research and Human Genetics, 2015, 18(3), 234–242. doi: 10.1017/thg.2015.28
Loehlin J.C., Martin N.G. The general factor of personality: Questions and elaborations. Journal of Research in Personality, 2011, 45(1), 44–49. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.008
Loehlin J.C., Martin N.G. General and supplementary factors of personality in genetic and environmental correlation matrices. Personality and Individual Differences, 2013, 54(6), 761–766. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.014
McCrae R.R., Costa P.T.Jr. Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, 52(1), 81–90.
Musek J. A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 2007, 41(6), 1213–1233. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.003
Musek J. The general factor of personality. Academic Press, Elsevier Inc., 2017a.
Musek J. The general factor of personality. Ten years after. Psihologijske Teme / Psychological Topics, 2017b, 26(1), 61–87.
Peabody D. Trait inferences: Evaluative and descriptive aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monograph, 1967, 7(4, Pt.2), 1–18. doi.org/10.1037/h0025230
Rushton J.P. Differential K theory: The sociobiology of individual and group differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 1985, 6(4), 441–452. doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(85)90137-0
Rushton J.P. Sir Francis Galton, epigenetic rules, genetic similarity theory, and human life history analysis. Journal of Personality, 1990, 58(1), 117–140.
Rushton J.P., Bons T.A., Hur Y.-M. The genetics and evolution of a General Factor of personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 2008, 42(5), 1173–1185. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.002
Rushton J.P., Irwing P. A General Factor of Personality (GFP) from two meta-analyses of the Big Five: Digman (1997) and Mount, Barrick, Scullen, and Rounds (2005). Personality and Individual Differences, 2008, 45(7), 679–683. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.015
Rushton J.P., Irwing P. A General Factor of Personality in 16 sets of the Big Five, the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, the California Psychological Inventory, and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 2009a, 47(6), 558–564. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.009
Rushton J.P., Irwing P. A General Factor of Personality (GFP) from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 2009b, 47(6), 571–576. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.011
Rushton J.P., Irwing P. The General Factor of Personality: Normal and abnormal. In T. Chamorro-Premuzic, S. von Stumm, A. Furnham (Eds.), The Wiley–Blackwell handbook of individual differences, West Sussux, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Ch. 5, pp. 132–161.
Saucier G. Separating description and evaluation in the structure of personality attributes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994, 66(1), 141–154.
Saucier G., Goldberg L.R. The structure of personality attributes. In M.R. Barrick, A.M. Ryan (Eds.), Personality and work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003. pp. 1–29.
Schermer J.A., Vernon P.A. The correlation between general intelligence (g), a general factor of personality (GFP), and social desirability. Personality and Individual Differences, 2010, 48(2), 187–189. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.003
Schmitt D.P., Allik J., McCrae R.R., Benet-Martínez V., Alcalay L., Ault L. et al.. The geographic distribution of Big Five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2007, 38(2), 173-212. doi: 10.1177/0022022106297299
van der Linden D., te Nijenhuis J., Bakker A.B. The General Factor of Personality: A meta-analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion-related validity study. Journal of Research in Personality, 2010, 44(3), 315–327. doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.03.003
van der Linden D., Dunkel C.S., Petrides K.V. The General Factor of Personality (GFP) as social effectiveness: Review of the literature. Personality and Individual Differences, 2016, Vol. 101, 98–105. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.020
Veselka L., Just C., Jang K.L., Johnson A.M., Vernon P.A. The General Factor of Personality: A critical test. Personality and Individual Differences, 2012, 52(3), 261–264. doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.007
Veselka L., Schermer J., Petrides K.V., Vernon P.A. Evidence for a heritable General Factor of Personality in two studies. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 2009, 12(3), 254–260. doi: 10.1375/twin.12.3.254